This page relates to the 2024-27 National Land Transport Programme.
Note: this glossary is provided as a guide to interpreting terms used on the Planning and Investment Knowledge Base. These definitions don’t override the specific definitions used in the specific context of our investment policies or requirements and related documents. These definitions apply to the 2024–27 period. We welcome feedback and requests for clarification on the terms – please use our feedback and support form. We may update these terms and add new terms as required throughout the 2024–27 period.
abutment
An end support of a bridge or similar structure.
accessibility
The ability of all members of the community to access social and economic opportunities. Accessibility is shaped by location and distance (how far people need to travel to access what they need or want), personal capabilities (including physical and financial abilities), the range of travel options available, and time (how long it takes to travel by each option).
accommodation hub
Area near an existing Nga Haerenga New Zealand Cycle Trail, with accommodation options, that is likely to be a destination for cyclists using the trail.
activity
Defined in the Land Transport Management Act as a land transport output or capital project. It may be a combination of activities including transport services, promotion or infrastructure operations and maintenance.
activity class
A grouping of similar activities, as set out in the Government Policy Statement on land transport.
AMP, activity management plan or asset management plan
An activity management plan is prepared in accordance with clause 2 of schedule 10 of the Local Government Act 2002 by territorial authorities. An activity management plan sets out future service levels, operation of spend, network expansion requirements, funding impacts and capital programmes. As asset management plan is prepared in accordance with Cabinet Office circular CO (23) 9: Investment Management and Asset Performance in Departments and Other Entities by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) for state highways, KiwiRail and the Department of Conservation). An AMP supports NZTA’s investment in organisations’ continuous programmes and improvements.
administration
The administrative components of activities that are reasonably provided in administering the delivery of land transport related activities. Administration costs are not integral to the delivery of an activity but must be provided to support the delivery of the activity – they are an overhead cost incurred in the delivery of activities.
affected community
Means a group of people who are affected by a proposed activity; that is, people living, studying or working in close geographical proximity to the proposed activity.
affordable
Demonstrates that adequate funding to deliver the activity, or combination of activities, is available from identified sources, for example a funding plan has been identified.
agreed level of service
A level of service agreed with NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) for funding (in the current National Land Transport Programme (NLTP)) or planning (for future NLTP periods). For roading, the agreed levels of service mean the maintenance target values for the particular road group set out in the NZTA maintenance guidelines for local roads, or as otherwise agreed with NZTA.
alignment
The route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves, and its heights and depths.
alternatives
Alternatives are different means of achieving the same objective as a proposed activity. Alternatives should, amongst other things, try to consider whether non-transport solutions, such as changes to existing policy, are suitable responses to an identified problem and can achieve the outcomes sought. Also see options.
AAR, annual achievement report
Data on road infrastructure and public transport network and usage, which is required to be updated by 31 July each year.
AADT, annual average daily traffic
Annual average daily traffic as per recorded traffic counts.
annual plan
An annual plan adopted under section 95 of the Local Government Act 2002.
appraisal
A formal assessment of the impacts of a proposal.
approved
Funding approved for the phase of the activity in the National Land Transport Programme.
approved organisation
An approved organisation is an organisation eligible to receive funding from the National Land Transport Fund for land transport activities. Approved organisations are defined in the Land Transport Management Act 2003 (LTMA). They include a regional council, a territorial authority, or an approved public organisation under section 23 of the LTMA (currently the Department of Conservation, the Waitangi National Trust Board, Kāinga Ora and Auckland Transport). Note that KiwiRail, NZ Police and NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi are not approved organisations.
area-wide traffic control
A linked system of traffic signals that allows regulation of traffic flow.
assessment
The process, methods or tools used to appraise a proposed activity and to rate or create an investment profile under the NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi Investment Prioritisation Method (IPM). It is the term most commonly used for appraisal but sometimes also for evaluation. In the context of this knowledge base, assessment is the determination of a profile under the IPM to prioritise activities for inclusion in the National Land Transport Programme.
asset management plan
Refer to activity management plan. National Asset Management Steering Group (NAMS) defines asset management plans as: ‘A plan developed for the management of one or more infrastructure assets that combines multi-disciplinary management techniques (including technical and financial) over the lifecycle of the asset in the most cost-effective manner to provide a specific level of service.’
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi considers that assets exist to support service delivery, and so refers in all instances to activity management planning, which encompasses the outcome focus of a transportation system, not just the asset.
associated facilities
These include the supporting measures required to optimise an implemented activity, for example connections to the local road network or other cycle facility, parking and signage, and short-term promotion of the new facility.
Auditor-General
The Controller and Auditor-General is a statutory office created by Parliament by the Public Audit Act 2001. In tune with the Public Audit Act and common usage, the title is normally abbreviated to Auditor-General.
Bailey bridge
A temporary bridge of lattice steel designed for rapid assembly from prefabricated standard parts.
base programme
The underlying programme against which incremental changes in the programme may be considered and assessed.
basecourse
The layer of material constituting the uppermost structural element of a pavement, immediately beneath the wearing course; or the graded aggregate that can be used in such a layer.
benchmarking
Benchmarking is where an investment proposal is compared against a normalised group of other proposals within a pre-determined peer group with similar network levels of service to ensure value for money. NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi will use peer groups for cost–benefit appraisal benchmarking that act as the basis for cost comparison discussions. Trends in these measures over time are used rather than just annual values.
benefit
Benefit is a measurable change resulting from an investment. It could be either an advantage (positive/benefit) or disadvantage (negative/disbenefit). The term ‘impact’ is also used in the benefits management framework as a substitute for the term ‘benefit’ to recognise the multi-directional flow of benefits.
BCR, benefit–cost ratio
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi uses the BCR as a measure of economic efficiency from a national perspective as defined in the Monetised benefits and costs manual. The ratio compares the monetised benefits to land transport users and the wider community from implementing a project or providing a service with that project or service's whole-of-life costs.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
benefit realisation
A process that demonstrates whether or not (and how well) the anticipated results or benefits have been achieved.
berms
The edge of a road reserve between the kerb or surface water channel and property boundary, exclusive of footpath.
betterment
The increased value of land arising from improved access in terms of section 326 of the Local Government Act 1974.
board
The NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi Board.
bridge
A structure designed to carry a road or path over an obstacle by spanning it. This includes culverts with a cross-sectional area greater than or equal to 3.4 square metres.
BCA, Business Case Approach
A robust, principles-based approach for developing business cases for investment through the National Land Transport Programme. It is based on the New Zealand Treasury’s Better Business Cases.
Business Case Approach guidance
business unit
A management unit within an approved organisation that marshals physical and human resources to provide services and undertake works.
capacity of network
The amount of movement of people and/or goods that the network can support at a given time.
capital project
An individual land transport-related activity of a capital nature as defined under section 5 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003. Includes:
i. planning, design, and supervision related to the particular capital project, and
ii. construction and reconstruction, and
iii. any activity of a capital nature the purpose of which is to improve public safety in relation to land transport, and
iv. administration related to the particular capital project.
.
CO2, carbon dioxide
carriageway
The portion of the road devoted particularly to the use of travelling vehicles, including shoulders.
carryover
The unexpended allocation for an approved activity in any year that is required in the next year.
cattle stop
A grid across the road to prevent stock movement installed in accordance with section 344 of the Local Government Act 1974 or section 49 of the Government Roading Powers Act 1989.
causeway
A raised road across water or a swamp.
centre line
The basic line, at or near the centre or axis of a road or other work, from which measurements for setting out or constructing the work can conveniently be made.
Also the pavement marking on a road, which delineates opposing traffic flows.
channelisation
A system of islands or markings on a carriageway to direct traffic into predetermined paths usually at an intersection or junction.
chevron board
A patterned reflective road sign with chevrons that indicates an abrupt change in road direction.
chip seal
A wearing course (upper layer in a roadway) consisting of a layer or layers of chips originally spread onto the pavement over a film of freshly sprayed binder and subsequently rolled into place.
cluster
A group of territorial authorities that have come together for the purpose of planning and delivering community programmes, transport activities and/or road policing activities across their combined area.
coastal shipping
The carriage of coastal cargo by means of any ship, as defined in section 2(1) of the Maritime Transport Act 1994, being carriage that is authorised by or under section 198 of that act.
combination of activities
Two or more activities from the same activity class or 2 or more activity classes.
commercial case
Examines the commercial viability of a preferred option and the consenting and procurement strategy that will be used to engage the market. It presents evidence on risk allocation and transfer as well as details of responsibilities for delivering different aspects of the programme.
commercial public transport service
As set out in the Land Transport Management Act 2003, a public transport service that is not supplied under contract with the regional council; and includes, to the extent that the regional council has not contracted for the supply of only part of the service, only that part.
CVST, Commercial Vehicle Safety Team
Unit within the New Zealand Police that enforces commercial vehicle legislation and regulation.
committed
Funding approved for a phase of an activity in a previous National Land Transport Programme (NLTP) and carried forward to the next NLTP.
Communities at risk register
The Communities at risk register is a register developed by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi to identify communities that are over-represented in terms of road safety risk. The register ranks communities by local authority area based on the areas of concern. The ratings are to be drawn from the ʽAll deaths and serious casualties’ table in the most recent version of the Communities at risk register. The definition of the levels of concerns is as follows:
conditions precedent
Conditions precedent means that the condition must be fulfilled before the support, endorsement or approval from NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi is put into effect. For a funding approval this will mean that no funding will be released until the condition is met.
conditions subsequent
Conditions subsequent means that the condition needs to be fulfilled by a specified time or event, but the decision can be put into effect. For a funding approval this will mean that funding can be released before the condition is met. Often, conditions subsequent will need to be fulfilled before the next funding application for an activity.
congestion
Congestion is where the volume to capacity ratio exceeds 80% for 5 days per week over at least a one-hour time period that affects at least 1.5km of a route. For information on determining the volume to capacity ratio, see table A64 of the Monetised benefits and costs manual.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
congestion charging (also known as time of use charging)
Charging road users at different times or locations depending on how congested the roads are.
construction
Phase in which physical construction of the activity takes place – mostly refers to physical assets – equivalent to implementation phase.
continuous programme
A continuous programme is a group of activities, relating to existing assets and services, delivered on an on-going basis from one National Land Transport Programme to the next to maintain an adequate customer level of service.
Continuous programmes are:
contracted services
A specified service for which an approved organisation has contracted to pay for its supply.
corridor
A corridor is a length of road with similar characteristics, traffic volume, environment and land use. There is no maximum or minimum length.
corrugations
Closely spaced ripples on the road surface running across the line of traffic, generally where braking and acceleration of vehicles occurs.
CBA, cost–benefit appraisal
A cost–benefit appraisal measures costs and benefits at a national level and is a systematic method of organising information about the costs and benefits of a proposed activity. Social cost–benefit analysis, generally referred to as economic cost–benefit analysis, differs from financial analysis by incorporating social, economic, environmental and cultural impacts.
cost effectiveness
Cost effectiveness analysis is used instead of a full cost–benefit appraisal where the objective is to compare the cost of different ways of achieving a given effect (such as a customer level of service), or comparing the relative cost of different strategies with different effects. NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi uses this approach to evaluate the economic efficiency of components of a public transport programme and operations, and road maintenance and renewals programmes, by comparing a programme with other similar programmes.
CCO, council-controlled organisation
A council-controlled organisation as defined in section 6 of the Local Government Act 2002.
council-controlled trading organisation
A council-controlled organisation (as defined in section 6 of the Local Government Act 2002) that operates a trading undertaking for the purpose of making a profit.
CAS, Crash Analysis System
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi database for crash statistics.
crash reduction studies
Studies of crash sites aimed at identifying low-cost engineering works, education and road policing that improve road safety.
crib wall
A retaining wall made of interlocking concrete or timber sections with earth or gravel fill between.
C funds, Crown funds
Special funding for specific regions and specified activities as appropriated or directed by the government.
culverts
One or more adjacent pipes or enclosed channels running across and below road formation level having a cross-sectional area less than 3.4 square metres.
customer levels of service (CLoS)
Agreements between the transport user (customer) and the system provider that defines expectations, in measurable terms, for what the customer will experience when using the transport system for their journey.
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) uses the following customer levels of service (CLoS):
cycle facility
Infrastructure that is cycling-specific, such as cycle lanes, paths and parking.
cycle lane
A special vehicle lane marked on a road with a cycle symbol, which can only be used for cycling.
Note that infrastructure commonly referred to as ‘cycle lanes’ that are not on the roadway are mostly shared paths and separated cycleways.
Cycling network guidance glossary of terms
cycle path
A path that is physically separated from the roadway that is principally designed for, and used by, cyclists.
DSI, deaths and serious injuries
Number of deaths and serious injuries. May be reported, estimated or predicted. To avoid confusion if describing estimated or predicted risk, it is described as DSI equivalents.
demand management
Demand management refers to interventions which change the demand for transport. These interventions may seek to influence how, when and where people travel, and freight is transported. The purpose of demand management is to ensure the transport system is utilised efficiently and effectively, and to reduce the negative impacts of travel and freight movement.
demographic pressures
Demographic pressures are changes in the demographics of a community or communities, for example changes to the age profile of the region or communities within the region, consolidation of populations such as population decreases in rural areas and those areas immediately surrounding a city or town population as well as increases in urban populations.
design
Phase in which detailed design of the activity is developed.
detailed business case
Where the preferred option is confirmed through more detailed analysis of the costs, risks and benefits.
district
The district of a territorial authority. In relation to land in respect of which a minister of the Crown is the council, the district is that land.
divided highway
A road with physically separated carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions.
economic case
The purpose of the economic case is to demonstrate that the investment proposal optimises value for money. Options are initially assessed in terms of how well they meet investment objectives. The costs and benefits of short-listed options are then analysed from a national perspective, taking account of all significant welfare impacts (for example social, cultural and environmental).
The main purpose of the economic case is to demonstrate that the investment proposal optimises value for money. This is achieved by identifying and evaluating a wide range of options in terms of how well they will meet the investment objective of the proposal to ensure it provides value for money and that its benefits outweigh its costs.
edge break
A road fault where the edge of the sealed pavement has broken away.
edge line
A line painted on a road to indicate the outer edge of the traffic lane.
efficient freight supply chains
Moving a volume of freight at the lowest whole-of-life and transport system cost.
embankment
A construction work (usually of earth or stone) that raises the ground (or formation) level above the natural surface.
emergency reinstatement
The work required to reinstate a transport network damaged by a sudden and unexpected natural event.
emergency works
The work category which covers both initial response and the work required to reinstate a transport network damaged by a sudden and unexpected natural event.
employment
Number of people aged 15 or over and usually resident in New Zealand working for themselves or for other people. Employment, as used in this section, is the employee count as defined by Statistics NZ.
enduring benefits
Expectation of the benefits delivered by an activity in response to the potential identified in the strategic fit over the life of the asset or service. In urban and semi-urban areas, transport solutions are often only enduring if they are part of a package of activities balancing demand and supply measures and if they optimise the function of each transport mode, taking into account local constraints and opportunities.
environment
The Environment Act 1986 defines environment as including:
a) ecosystems and their constituent parts including people and communities, and
b) all natural and physical resources, and
c) those physical qualities and characteristics of an area that contribute to people’s appreciation of its pleasantness, aesthetic coherence, and cultural and recreational attributes, and
d) the social, economic, aesthetic, and cultural conditions which affect the matters stated in paragraphs a) to c) or which are affected by those matters.
evaluation
Ex-post (post-implementation) review of the impact or performance of an implemented proposal.
extracting maximum value
Extracting maximum value from existing services and infrastructure includes optimising services and the use of existing infrastructure to realise the full potential capacity and benefits.
financial case
Outlines the financial viability of the programme, including revenue streams and possible funding sources, demonstrating that the preferred option will result in an affordable and fundable investment. Affordability analysis is performed from an NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi perspective, and unlike the economic case, is limited to direct financial impacts.
financial year
The 12 months beginning on 1 July and ending on 30 June.
first coat seal
The initial seal placed on a prepared basecourse, when constructing a pavement.
FYRR, first year rate of return
A calculation used to indicate the best start date for activities. For further information see the Monetised benefits and costs manual.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
flanking
The removal of excess material between the road shoulder and water channel that is inhibiting drainage.
footpath
A path or way principally designed for, and used by, pedestrians.
ford
A shallow place in a watercourse, stream or river where the bed may be crossed by traffic.
freight routes
Freight routes are:
fuel excise duty (FED)
Fuel excise duty is a tax imposed by the government to fund land transport activities. FED includes excise duty paid on liquid petroleum gas and compressed natural gas (in addition to petrol excise duty), but these account for a very small proportion of overall fuel excise.
funding allocation
The amount of funding allocated for an activity in the National Land Transport Programme by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi for an activity or combination of activities.
funding approval
Approval given by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi under section 20 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
FAR, funding assistance rate
The contribution, in percentage terms, that NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA), as investor, makes to an approved organisation or NZTA (for its own activities), for the delivery of an activity or combination of activities. The FAR system identifies how the costs of delivering transport activities are shared between central government through the National Land Transport Fund and approved organisations. Funding assistance rates are not subsidies, but part of a co-investment system that recognises that there are both national and local benefits from investing in the land transport network.
furniture
A general term to describe features placed on or near the road to improve user experience, safety and assist drivers. Furniture includes barriers, guard rails, hand rails, lighting, parking meters, poles, posts, signs, lights, bus shelters etc.
gabion
A rectangular wire-mesh cage filled with boulders, used to retain embankments and riverbanks.
general circular
Formal notification of policy change to funding rules and procedures will be notified to approved organisations through the release of a general circular.
GPS, Government Policy Statement on land transport
A Government Policy Statement on land transport (GPS) is issued under section 86 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003. The GPS sets out the government’s priorities for expenditure from the National Land Transport Fund over the next 10 years.
GPS alignment
The alignment of an investment proposal’s key transport issues with the Government Policy Statement on land transport (GPS) priorities for investment.
granular material
Material with a particle size no smaller than sand.
grit
A fine granular material passing a 4.75mm sieve.
groundwater
Water flowing or lying under the natural surface of the ground.
guardrails
A rail erected to restrain vehicles from physically leaving the road, including wire-rope barriers.
HOV, high occupancy vehicle
A vehicle that carries 2 or more occupants.
HPMV, high-productivity motor vehicles
A truck that carries a divisible load that exceeds a mass of 44,000kg and/or the maximum length dimensions allowed for standard vehicles (as set out in the Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass 2002). HPMVs operate under HPMV permits issued by a road controlling authority (RCA) for access to specific roads that have been determined to be suitable to accommodate the additional mass and/or length.
HPMV route
A route that carries a sustainable 5-year volume of high-productivity motor vehicles (HPMV) of greater than 100,000 freight movements per year that are typically:
high-risk rural road
A high-risk rural road is defined in the High-risk rural roads guide (HRRRG) as:
high walking and cycling crash risk
The predicted (estimated using exposure models, latent demand, crash history or other accepted modelling or audit) fatal and serious crash rate for pedestrians and/or cyclists is greater than 3 fatal and serious crashes over a 5-year period or 5 fatal and serious crashes over a 10-year period.
impact
The contribution made to an objective or outcome, including by a specified activity class or activity classes.
implementation
Phase in which the activity is implemented. Can be either physical or operational works required to deliver the activity and its outcomes.
improvement
An increase in benefits or level of service to address an identified gap in levels of service or improve the effectiveness or efficiency of the land transport system in relation to a new or existing activity. Improvements are activities that provide a measurable increase of the benefits derived from investment in programmes and projects.
improving journey time
Potential to improve journey time by a minimum of at least 5 minutes or 5% for end-to-end journeys.
indicative business case
Where individual activities or combinations of activities within the preferred programme are developed, to provide decision-makers with an early indication of the preferred option for the investment at the activity level.
innovation
The action or process of innovating that provides new ways of responding to transport problems, including applying traditional knowledge in new ways to address transport issues and opportunities.
integrated planning
For NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi, integrated planning means leading and working with central, regional and local government, private developers and other partners such as KiwiRail and port companies, to bring land use planning, and transport planning and investment together, to deliver an affordable transport system that supports a growing economy, safe and vibrant communities and a healthy environment, now and in the future.
integrated ticketing
The provision of a system that enables a user to purchase a single ticket that allows travel on one or more modes of transport provided by one or more operators.
integrated land use and multi-modal plans
Coordinated planning of land use and transport including consideration of all modes.
interdependent
In the context of a package, interdependent means that it is necessary for all the activities to be delivered to optimise the expected outcomes – that is if an activity within the package is not delivered, then it would reduce the effectiveness of the remaining activities within the package.
inter-regional connectors
These are national state highways that make it safe, reliable and efficient to move people and goods between and within regions. These roads run through farmland and natural areas so there are low levels of roadside activity. These roads carry significant levels of motor vehicle traffic, including freight.
intervention hierarchy
Related to the value scale that has to be given to each type of intervention. For National Land Transport Fund investments, that means alternative and option selection should start with lowest-cost alternatives and options before considering higher-cost alternatives and options. The hierarchy considers integrated planning first, followed by demand management, then best use of existing network, and lastly, new infrastructure.
IPM, Investment Prioritisation Method
The Investment Prioritisation Method (IPM) is the methodology NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi uses to identify investment priorities and expectations for assessing proposals for funding from the National Land Transport Fund. The IPM interprets and gives effect to the strategic priorities and results the government has identified in the current Government Policy Statement on land transport (GPS).
investigation
Phase in which the preferred option is determined and the notice of requirement is developed and progressed through the planning process.
investment profile
The rating of an activity under the NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi Investment Prioritisation Method. This is determined by the assessment of alignment with the Government Policy Statement on land transport, scheduling and efficiency. It determines the priority order of a proposed investment: whether a proposal should be included in the National Land Transport Programme, as well as their relative priority to other proposals in their activity class.
journey time reliability
The degree to which the trip experience is predictable or highly variable for a journey undertaken at broadly the same time every day, as defined in section 3.7 of the Monetised benefits and costs manual.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
judder bars
Rounded ridges on the road surface positioned to encourage drivers to restrain vehicle position or speed.
kerb and channel
Combined kerb and drainage channel.
KiwiRail
KiwiRail means KiwiRail Holdings Limited or any subsidiary of, or successor to, that company.
land drains
Drains with the main purpose of draining adjacent land rather than road reserve.
land transport
Transport of people and freight on land by any means, and the infrastructure, goods and services facilitating that transport. Includes coastal shipping and associated infrastructure.
Land Transport Benefits Framework measures manual
The Land Transport Benefits Framework measures manual provides information about qualitative (description-based) and quantitative (number-based) measures for the benefits in the Land Transport Benefits Framework. The manual includes guidance and instruction on how to apply them in transport planning and business cases, and how they are used in benefits realisation and investment decision making.
Land Transport Benefits Framework measures manual
land transport disbursement account
An account kept under section 24 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
LTMA, Land Transport Management Act 2003
The Land Transport Management Act 2003, as amended from time to time. The LTMA provides the legal framework for planning, managing and funding land transport activities.
land transport options and alternatives
Alternatives are strategic choices that are considered in order to select the preferred alternative, for example which mode or modal mix, or general route is preferred? Options are macroscope choices considered in order to select the preferred option, for example should the road have 2, 3 or 4 lanes?
land use development
Land use developments that are considered by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi for the effect they may have on the land transport network.
lane line
A line other than the centre line or edge line painted on the road, which divides adjacent traffic lanes.
large project
An improvement project with a cost equal to or greater than $5 million.
large urban area
Urban areas according Statistics NZ Urban Rural 2022 classification with an estimated resident population of 30,000–99,999 residents.
Urban Rural 2022(external link)
like for like
The modern equivalent of the transport infrastructure, not necessarily of the same material type or structural form, that meets current design standards to restore level of service.
legalisation surveys
Surveys related to the formal acquisition and documentation of land to be established as legal roads.
LoS, level of service or levels or service
Level of service is a measure of the quality or service the public can expect around the provision of an element of infrastructure.
For example, the quality of an unsealed road or the frequency of flooding. LoS can be described as the mechanism we use to balance the service, cost and risk relationships – high LoS usually reduce risk but cost more.
The One Network Framework (ONF) is the national classification system for the transport network. One key pillar of ONF is an agreed set of target levels of service and performance measures to underpin expectations for network performance and inform how to tailor resilience response.
local authority
Any territorial authority or regional council within the meaning of the Local Government Act 2002.
LGA, Local Government Act 2002
The Local Government Act 2002. The legislation that provides the framework and powers under which New Zealand’s local authorities operate.
LGNZ, Local Government New Zealand
The member organisation representing the interests of local authorities in New Zealand.
LGR, local government region
An area within the administrative jurisdiction of a regional council.
local road
Any road, other than a state highway, in the district, and under the control, of a territorial authority.
local share
The contribution that an approved organisation makes towards the costs of an activity.
LTP, long-term plan
Long-term council plan in accordance with section 93 of the Local Government Act 2002.
low-cost, low-risk improvements (previously minor improvements)
Improvement activities that have low risk for implementation and a total maximum cost of $2 million.
Low-cost, low-risk programmes are delivered as a programme with block funding under delegated authority.
macroscope
The information required for a notice of requirement under the Resource Management Act 1991, reflecting the scope of the preferred option selected.
maintenance
Care and upkeep of infrastructure that enables a defined level of service to be provided, while leaving the fundamental structure of the existing infrastructure intact.
major urban areas
Urban areas according to Statistics NZ Urban Rural 2022 classification with an estimated resident population of 100,000 or more residents.
Urban Rural 2022(external link)
makes best use of
Fully considers existing services and use of infrastructure and identifies opportunities for change without significant additional expenditure.
management case
Assesses whether a proposal is achievable and able to be delivered. It tests project planning, governance structure, risk management, communications and stakeholder management benefits realisation and assurance.
The management case is usually a key part of the single-stage business case or detailed business case.
Māori land
Māori customary land and Māori freehold land as defined in section 4 of Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993.
Māori roadway
A roadway laid out or to be laid out by order of the Māori Land Court under sections 315 to 326 of Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 or laid out under any former act relating to Māori land.
marker posts
Posts placed at the edge of the road, equipped with a reflector to assist night driving.
MBCM, Monetised benefits and costs manual
The Monetised benefits and costs manual is the tool for the transport sector to standardise social costs and benefits for complex, moderate- to high-risk improvement investment proposals. It sets out economic evaluation procedures and values used in calculating benefits and costs necessary for applications seeking investment from the National Land Transport Fund where NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi has determined a cost–benefit appraisal is mandatory.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
median barrier
A device used on multi-lane roads to keep opposing traffic in prescribed carriageways.
median
A raised or flush divider separating traffic.
medium walking and cycling crash risk
The predicted (estimated using exposure models, density prediction, crash history or other accepted modelling or audit) fatal and serious crash rate for pedestrians and/or cyclists is greater than one fatal and serious crash over a 5-year period or 3 fatal and serious crashes over a 10-year period.
MOU, memorandum of understanding
A non-binding agreement between parties. It may set out the understandings and intentions of each party and may be followed by a binding agreement.
MoT, Ministry of Transport
The government’s principal transport policy adviser that leads and generates policy, and helps to set the vision and strategic direction for the future of transport in New Zealand
mode-neutral
Mode neutrality means considering all transport modes when planning, regulating and funding transport, and basing decisions on each mode’s ability to deliver positive social, economic and environmental outcomes.
Mode neutrality involves 3 aspects:
MVR, Motor Vehicle Register
Register to record information about vehicles used on New Zealand roads and the persons responsible for their use.
national activities or nationally delivered activities
Activities managed or delivered nationally by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi.
NZEECS, New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy
A strategy issued under section 10(2) of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000.
Energy strategies for New Zealand(external link)
NLTF, National Land Transport Fund
The fund established under section 10 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003. A dedicated fund for land transport activities, administered by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi and allocated through the National Land Transport Programme.
NLTP, National Land Transport Programme
A National Land Transport Programme adopted by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi under section 19 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003, as from time to time amended or varied. It comprises a 3-yearly programme of land transport activities which are likely to receive funding from the National Land Transport Fund.
nationally strategic freight roads
These are roads that:
They have more than 800 vehicles driving on them per day (VPD), and more than 20,000 tonnes of goods are moved on them each day (Tn/day).
They comprise One Network Framework classes F1 and F2.
nationally significant contribution
When the combination of volume or quantity of demand, or probability and consequence or magnitude makes the potential or delivery of the impact or outcome nationally significant. For example high impact, high volume versus low impact, low volume.
NPV, net present value
Net present value is the present value of a future benefit less the present value of the associated future cost – all benefits and costs reflecting current values without adjustment for inflation.
network operating framework
The base set of information about the transport network for a defined area. A desired future state can then be input to undertake a gap analysis and facilitate discussion about trade-offs between modes and by time of day.
It supports an integrated process that helps better manage and plan for the use of the transport network and explicitly links transport to adjacent land uses.
network operating plan
A local plan developed under the network operating framework concept that optimises and allocates priority to different transport modes and transport movements within the road network and at intersections based on achieving agreed objectives.
network optimisation
Network optimisation considers any changing transport demand, all network components including the contribution across modes and existing infrastructure and services. It aims to make better use of existing networks and services towards an outcome or impact and may require relatively small improvements to achieve this.
network security
Network security is the broad term used to describe the vulnerability of the transport networks and services to the risks or effects of a disruption.
new housing priority area
New housing in high-growth urban areas and medium-growth urban areas (as defined by the National Policy Statement on Urban Development Capacity 2016).
New Zealand Transport Agency
The New Zealand Transport Agency established under section 93 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
On this knowledge base, we refer to it as NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi, NZTA or Waka Kotahi.
NZTA is the government agency with statutory functions to manage the funding of the land transport system and manage the state highway system.
NoR, notice of requirement
Notice of requirement issued under the Resource Management Act 1991.
ONF, One Network Framework
The One Network Framework is our national classification system for roads and streets based on their function and the ways that people use them. The ONF is a tool to help establish transport network function, performance measures, operating gaps and potential interventions for each road and street type, and it categorises elements of the transport network in relation to its functions of movement and place.
operations or maintenance activity
An individual land transport-related activity of an operations or maintenance nature that is operating or maintaining existing infrastructure so that the service potential (remaining life, safety, efficiency etc) remains the same or similar to what was previously expected of that asset.
options
Options are variants of a proposed activity. Activity options may differ in scale, scope, or even alignment, and all realistic options for addressing the problem must be evaluated. Also see alternatives.
outcome
Changes in the state, condition, effects on, or consequences for the community, society, economy, or environment resulting from the existence and operations of an organisation.
output
The goods or services that are delivered by an organisation.
overpass
A grade separation where the traffic passes over an intersecting road or railway.
package
A group of activities that are interdependent. This means it is necessary for all the activities in the package to be delivered to optimise the expected outcomes – that is, if an activity within the package is not delivered, it would reduce the effectiveness of the remaining activities within the package.
passenger kilometres
The total number of passengers carried over the relevant period multiplied by their average distance travelled on that service.
passenger service
Any bus service, harbour ferry service, passenger rail service, cable car, hovercraft, monorail, tramway or other form of public transport (other than air transport) that is available to the public generally.
passing bay
A widened length on a bridge or road at which vehicles travelling in opposing directions can pass each other.
passing lane
An additional lane on a road to allow one to overtake vehicles travelling in the same direction.
pavement
The road structure that is constructed on the subgrade and supports the traffic loading.
pavement markings
Any markings on the road to control traffic movement or parking.
placemaking
The creation of public places that integrate aspects of the transport network, particularly walking and cycling, to help to make safer and attractive, accessible urban environments that allow land use and transport to work better together.
peak time
Peak versus off-peak hours for public transport are defined as those pertaining to the operation of the Supergold Card scheme. Peak time hours are defined as:
pedestrian crossing
A specially marked area giving right of way to pedestrians crossing the road.
peer groups
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi developed peer groups for the purpose of comparing road safety performance within territorial authority boundaries. They are:
perceived risk
The risk transport system users or potential users believe exists, and that affects their use of the system – that is the perceived danger of different transport modes whether through direct use or non-use.
personal security
Personal security means the reduction of risks or perceived risks for users of land transport services and facilities in respect of their personal wellbeing.
pilot
An activity planned as the first phase of a trial to inform the development of a proposal for a full trial; the focus is on assessing the feasibility of an approach to be used in a trial.
plans
Plans describe the tactics to give effect to a strategy. They are specific in content, action-oriented and outputs-focused, resulting in a tangible set of activities to be delivered within a clear timeframe.
police
The police of New Zealand within the meaning of the Police Act 1958.
police activities
Activities, approved by the Minister of Transport in conjunction with the Minister of Police, paid from the National Land Transport Fund, and delivered by New Zealand Police, covering speed management, impairment, restraints, distraction, high-risk drivers, vulnerable and active users, network maintenance and efficiency, and vehicle and operator safety and compliance.
possible
High priority activity or phase of activity that has been included in the National Land Transport Programme (NLTP) but is not expected to be funded during the NLTP period.
PAR, post-approval review
NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi review of previous project funding decisions made to ensure consistency and robustness of funding decisions.
pothole
A hole in the pavement, frequently rounded in shape and greater than 70mm in diameter, resulting from loss of pavement material.
predicted risk
Determined by prediction models based on traffic and road characteristics that have been developed in NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi research projects, some of which have been included in the Monetised benefits and costs manual. Further references include New Zealand Road Assessment Programme, KiwiRAP and the Infrastructure risk rating manual.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
Infrastructure risk rating manual
pre-implementation
Complex activities may undertake a separate phase in order to complete procurement, enabling or other works prior to commitment of implementation.
PV, present value
A future cost or benefit at its discounted value at the present day. Net present value is the present value of a future benefit less the present value of the associated future cost. All benefits and costs are in current day values, without adjustment for inflation.
PVEOL, present value end of life
A future cost or benefit at its discounted value at the present day at the end of the life of an investment, for example for a bridge to be replaced.
primary strategic cycling network
Network intended to support high volumes of cyclist movement.
primary strategic walking network
Key routes within primary walking catchments connecting pedestrians with key destinations and places of significance.
primer
A bituminous material applied to a prepared base in preparation for sealing.
probable
New activity, or phase of activity, that is expected to proceed during the National Land Transport Programme period, subject to a successful business case and funding being available when the application is received.
procurement
The purchase of works, goods or services.
procurement procedure
A procurement procedure approved under section 25 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
procurement strategy
A document required by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi that sets out each approved organisation's strategy for procuring services and infrastructure using funds from the National Land Transport Fund.
productivity benefits
The benefits derived from improvements in productivity impacts of the Government Policy Statement on land transport (being a net increase in outputs of production over inputs).
professional services
Technical inputs to an activity undertaken by persons skilled in fields relevant to that activity.
programme
A defined group of land transport activities. There are many ways that activities can be logically grouped:
A collection of activities that have no obvious relationship to each other is not a programme.
programme business case
The planning stages of an activity or programme of work which develops robust evidence that a decision to invest in a programme of works represents best value for money, based on the problem or opportunity identified in a strategic case.
project
An activity that has a defined start, end and scope. Also see capital project.
PFR, project feasibility report
A report that provides a simple, rapid method of analysis to facilitate the identification of economically viable projects.
property
Phase in which property purchase occurs.
public health
According to the Public Health and Disability Act 2000, public health means the health of all of:
a) the people of New Zealand, or
b) a community or section of such people.
PT, public transport
The carriage of passengers for hire or reward by means of vehicles as defined in section 5 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
Land Transport Management Act 2003 section 5(external link)
purpose of the Land Transport Management Act 2003
Section 3 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003 (LTMA) states: ‘The purpose of this Act is to contribute to an effective, efficient, and safe land transport system in the public interest.’
RNIP, rail network investment programme
A 10-year plan of projects, guided by the New Zealand Rail Plan, to achieve a reliable, resilient, and safe rail network. The programme is written by KiwiRail and approved by the Minister of Transport with guidance from NZTA.
readiness
For emergency works, readiness means the work carried out prior to an emergency event.
recovery
For emergency works, recovery means the work to restore levels of service on a ‘like for like’ basis, or a reduced level of service.
recreational cycling
The riding of cycles for enjoyment or fitness (that is, the main purpose of the trip is the ride itself).
region
The region of a regional council, and includes the district of a territorial authority, if the territorial authority is a unitary authority.
RAG, regional advisory group
A working group of technical support staff convened by regional councils to provide advice on regional transport matters.
RA, regional authority
Any regional council or unitary authority, or a territorial authority that formally has had some of the powers and functions of a regional council transferred to it. In respect of this knowledge base, Auckland Transport is included in this definition.
RC, regional council
A regional council within the meaning of the Local Government Act 2002.
RFT, regional fuel tax scheme
A regional fuel tax scheme established by Order in Council made under section 65K (1) of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
RLTP, regional land transport plan
A regional land transport plan, prepared under Part 2 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003. A regional land transport plan sets out a region’s transport objectives, policies, priorities, forecast revenue and expenditure, proposed activities and measures. This includes proposed activities for prioritisation in the National Land Transport Programme.
RPTP, regional public transport plan
A plan that specifies how the regional council intends to give effect to the public transport service components of the regional land transport plan that applies to the region. The contents and management of the plan is defined by Part 5 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
RTC, regional transport committee
A regional transport committee established under section 105 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003, or, in the case of Auckland, the governing body of Auckland Transport or a joint regional transport committee that includes Auckland Transport as a member. The main function of a regional transport committee is to prepare a regional land transport plan.
reliability
Transport system reliability is about the user being able to count on a similar travel experience on the transport system when travelling under the same conditions (for example at the same time of day with the same mode). Reliability means the journey is as expected, taking known normal variations into account, such as expecting a trip to normally take longer in peak times than in off-peak periods.
research owner
The role of research owners (ROs), undertaken by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi Research and Evaluation teams researchers, is to:
research programme portfolios
A grouping of 5 research portfolios under which the research programme is developed and managed. The 5 portfolios are aligned with the Transport Outcomes Framework and are:
research programme portfolio owner
The role of research programme portfolio owners, undertaken by NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) Research and Evaluation teams researchers, is to:
research project steering group
Each NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) research programme project has a steering group, chaired by the NZTA research owner, which is likely to also include representatives from NZTA, the Ministry of Transport, local government and the transport sector. The role of the steering group is to:
resilience
The ability of the network to withstand or recover quickly after a disruption. This includes the availability and restoration of each facility when there is a weather or emergency event, whether there is an alternative route available and the road user information provided. This can be measured through the number of journeys impacted by unplanned events, or acceptable risk where there is no viable alternative access should it be closed by an unplanned event.
For emergency works, resilience means non-routine work to eliminate or reduce the risk of damage to transport infrastructure or interruptions to level of service from natural phenomena, such as an emergency event.
resilience risk
The likelihood and consequence of transport disruption.
response
For emergency works, response means the initial work necessary to ensure public safety, to reopen a road or other transport facility, where practicable, for safe use, albeit at a basic level of service, or to minimise risk of further damage.
RMA, Resource Management Act 1991
results
The outcomes sought to be achieved from the allocation of funding from the National Land Transport Fund. NZTA provides a land transport benefits framework which sets out benefits that relate to outcomes.
retaining wall
A wall constructed to resist lateral pressure from the adjoining ground or to keep a mass of earth in position.
road
The whole of any land as defined in section 315 (1) of the Local Government Act 1974.
RAMMS, road assessment and maintenance management system
A computer-based road asset/activity management system including an inventory that helps to manage the maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements and related road assets.
RCA, road-controlling authority
The minister, department of state, Crown entity, state enterprise or territorial authority that controls the road, and Auckland Transport in the case of local roads within Auckland, the Waitangi Trust, and the Department of Conservation.
road reserve
A legally described area within which facilities such as roads, footpaths and associated features may be constructed and maintained for public travel.
RSAP, road safety action plan
Plans developed at the local level to address road safety issues in the area, as a result of the road safety action planning process.
road safety action planning
Road safety action planning is a process for local engagement, planning and implementing road safety interventions by road safety partners based on evidence, knowledge and experience from a wide range of participants. Effective action planning requires a collaborative approach from participating partners to provide focus, commitment and urgency in order to address and mitigate road safety risks, particularly within the Safer Systems environment, by coordinating interventions within all 4 pillars. Action planning works most effectively when informed by regional leadership and monitoring.
RPIP, Road Policing Investment Programme
Every 3 years NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi prepares a road safety programme in consultation with the New Zealand Police. It is a programme of road policing activities delivered by New Zealand Police for the main purpose of achieving road safety, and to contribute to economic growth and productivity outcomes.
Formerly called the Road Safety Partnership Programme during the 2021–24 NLTP, and Road Policing Programme (RSPP) for previous NLTPs
Road Policing Investment Programme
road tolling scheme
A road tolling scheme established by Order in Council under section 46 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
road type
The classification of a road relating to the type of funding assistance applying. Local roads, state highways, and special purpose roads are the 3 currently established road types.
RUC, road user charges
A charge in accordance with the Road User Charges Act 2012, to be paid for vehicles powered by a fuel not taxed at source. Road user charges form part of the National Land Transport Fund.
roughometer
An instrument that measures the roughness of a road's surface.
roundabout
An intersection of 2 or more carriageways at a common level where all traffic travels around a central island, in lieu of direct crossings.
route marker
A sign indicating, by means of a number, device or colour, the course of a particular route.
running course
A thin layer of loose stone that protects the basecourse of an unsealed road.
Safe System audit
A procedure for auditing the safety of transport projects to ensure their alignment with the Safe System approach. The Safe System audit guidelines for transport projects describes their purpose and how they should be carried out. Safe System audits replaced road safety audits.
Safe System audit guidelines for transport projects
safety improvement
Potential for significant improvements in safety means:
Monetised benefits and costs manual
SAR, scheme assessment report
A detailed report that includes a precise problem definition, a description of options available to address the problem, a project evaluation, an assessment of environmental impacts, and a recommendation.
second coat seal
A chip seal placed on top of a first coat-sealed surface.
secondary corridor
A secondary corridor is an identified component of a walking and/or cycling strategic network that connects potential users to the primary corridors. Secondary corridors provide for trips across suburbs or between destinations (such as schools or workplaces). For example, in Auckland the secondary route would be the ‘feeders’ or ‘collectors’, in Christchurch the ‘locals’ etc.
severe congestion
Severe congestion is where the volume-to-capacity ratio exceeds 100% over at least one hour for 5 days per week on at least 3km of a route and the average annual daily traffic (AADT) is greater than 20,000 vehicles per day.
For information on determining the volume-to-capacity ratio, refer to appendix 3 (Traffic data and travel time estimation) of the Monetised benefits and costs manual.
Monetised benefits and costs manual
shared path
A path that is physically separated from the roadway and which is intended for the passage of pedestrians, cyclists, riders of mobility devices and riders of wheeled recreational devices.
shoulder
That portion of the carriageway outside the traffic lanes.
sight rail
A timber or metal rail (usually reflective or painted white) placed to highlight a change in road direction or some other hazard.
significant growth
Significant growth is equal to, or greater than, 10% population growth between 2006 and 2031 using low projections from Statistics NZ published projections. Population project data will be updated following published results of the next official census.
slow vehicle bay
A shoulder constructed with sufficient width and strength to allow slow vehicles to pull aside to permit other vehicles to pass.
slurry seal
A road surface treatment consisting of a mixture of bitumen emulsion and fine aggregate.
spatial plans
Spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. Spatial planning incorporates a wider more inclusive approach with a range of stakeholders to ensure the best use of land by evidence-based analysis. It represents a move away from traditional land use planning.
special purpose roads
A local road that was historically accepted as a special purpose road in terms of section 104 (now repealed) of the Transit New Zealand Act 1989 (renamed the Government Roading Powers Act 1989 from 1 July 2008).
specified service
A passenger service specified in a regional passenger transport plan.
stabilise
The modification of any material to improve or maintain its load-carrying capacity. Usually bitumen, lime or cement is used as the modifier.
state highway
A road, whether or not constructed or vested in the Crown, that is declared to be a state highway under section 5 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
Land Transport Management Act 2003 section 5(external link)
strategic case
The strategic case is the first part of the 5-case model of a business case. The strategic case includes identification of the problem/opportunity, the benefits of solving that problem, the strategic context and the investment objective(s).
strategic context
The strategic context represents the alignment of the proposed investment with the business case problem owner’s priorities, regional and national priorities, other programmes and strategies and other organisations’ priorities (if relevant).
It includes:
strategies
Strategies articulate long-term transport needs of the community, explaining why these needs are likely to emerge and how the land and transport infrastructure should respond and adapt to these needs.
strategic rail network
The parts of the rail network that provide for the efficient and sustainable movement of large volumes of freight across longer distances between cities, ports and major distribution centres. It has a growing role in sustainable interregional passenger movement. Priority lines within that network are defined by Kiwirail in the Rail Network Investment Programme.
Rail Network Investment Programme(external link)
street
A road within an urban locality.
studies
Studies seek to inform and respond to future transport needs in a comprehensive manner. They are conducted to understand or respond to changes in transport demand, technological advances and impacts of legislation. The purpose of studies is to directly inform or respond to strategies and plans. They are not intended to be precursors to investigations – they must be wider in scope and reach.
substructure
The piers and abutments (including wing walls) of a bridge, which support the superstructure.
subway
A structure constructed to permit the passage of pedestrians, cycles or stock beneath the road.
superstructure
The bridge deck and beams, which are supported by the piers and abutments.
supplementary funds
Funding contributions that are additional to the contributions of NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi and the standard approved organisation local share. They usually reflect third party benefits.
surface water channel
An open drain or ditch along the side of the road that collects water running off the road's surface.
surplus budget
Excess funds which must be declared as soon as they are identified. Early declaration of excess funds will not preclude the later consideration of a request for reinstatement of funds. Such requests will be given first priority for available funds.
SCATS, Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System
A computer-linked system of traffic signals, the purpose of which is to enhance traffic flows.
TAG, technical advisory group
TOR, terms of reference
territorial authority
A territorial authority within the meaning of the Local Government Act 2002. This is usually taken to refer to a city council or a district council.
thriving regions
Regions where a well-connected, safe and resilient transport system improves the productivity and economic prospects of the region, and the living standards and opportunities of those living there.
tier 1 local authority
Tier 1 local authority means each local authority or regional council listed in column 2 of table 1 in the appendix to the National Policy Statement on Urban Development 2020 (NPS-UD) as follows
tier 2 local authority
Tier 2 local authority means each local authority or regional council listed in column 2 of table 2 in the appendix to the National Policy Statement on Urban Development 2020 (NPS-UD) as follows:
tier 3 local authority
Tier 3 local authority means each local authority that has all or part of an urban environment within its region or district, but it is not a tier 1 or tier 2 local authority listed the National Policy Statement on Urban Development 2020 (NPS-UD). Tier 3 regional council and tier 3 territorial authority have corresponding meanings.
time of use charging (also known as congestion charging)
Charging road users at different times or locations depending on how congested the roads are.
timely intervention
Action taken appropriate to the risk and consequence.
tolls
Tolls payable under part 2 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
Total Mobility scheme
The Total Mobility scheme provides subsidised travel to people who have a disability and includes the administration, maintenance and operation of facilities and equipment associated with the scheme.
track user charges
Charges paid by rail freight operators for access to or use of the rail tracks.
traffic island
A defined area within a road, usually at an intersection, from which traffic is intended to be excluded and which is used for control of vehicular movements and for pedestrian refuge.
traffic lane
A portion of the carriageway allotted for the use of a single line of vehicles.
traffic management
Activities/devices that facilitate management of the road network.
In relation to a public transport service, it includes:
a) the capacity of transport infrastructure to accommodate the vehicles or other modes of transport operated as part of the service, and
b) the compatibility of the transport infrastructure intended to support the service with vehicles or other modes of transport operated as part of the service.
traffic volume
The number of vehicles flowing in both directions past a particular point in a given time (for example, vehicles per hour or vehicles per day).
transport disadvantaged
Means those people who the regional council has reasonable grounds to believe are the least able to travel to basic community activities and services (for example, work, education, health care, welfare, and shopping) as defined under section 5 of the Land Transport Management Act 2003.
Land Transport Management Act 2003 section 5(external link)
transport hub or transport interchange
Area where multiple transport modes and services connect.
TIO, Transport Investment Online
The NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi web-based funding allocation system. It is the key source of project information and a record of investment decisions made in the National Land Transport Programme (NLTP). All activities funded through the NLTP are recorded in TIO, including the expected benefits and long-term outcomes from each decision.
Transport Investment Online(external link)
trial
Small-scale implementation to test the performance, scalability, costs and benefits, qualities, or suitability of a potential solution.
underpass
A grade separation where the traffic passes under an intersecting highway or railway.
unitary authority
A territorial authority carrying out the additional functions of a regional council.
urban areas
According to Statistics NZ Urban Rural 2022 classification, urban areas are characterised by high population density with many built environment features where people and buildings are located close together for residential, cultural, productive, trade, and social purposes.
They are further classified by the size of their estimated resident population.
Urban Rural 2022(external link)
utility cycling
Cycling done mainly to get to an activity at the journey’s end, such as commuting trips to work, education, or shops. Utility cycling is used as a proxy for walking and cycling’s contribution to economic growth outcomes.
utility services
Services such as gas, water, electricity, telephone, sewer and storm water.
uneconomic
Uneconomic means a proposed investment with a very low efficiency rating (benefit-cost ratio is less than 1, or net present value is less than 0).
value for money
Value for money means using resources economically, efficiently, effectively and equitably, with due regard for the total costs and benefits of an investment, and its contributions to the outcomes NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi and its investment partners are trying to achieve. In addition, the principle of value for money does not necessarily mean selecting the lowest-cost option but rather the best possible outcome for the whole-of-life cost of the investment.
vehicle crossing
A formed area where vehicles can cross over channel and footpath.
VOC, vehicle operating costs
void-fill seal
An emulsion seal, usually consisting of grit or small chips, for filling the voids in an existing coarse-textured chip-seal surface.
walking and/or cycling strategic network
The network of strategic cycle corridors, feeders, connectors and collectors that comprises an agreed walking and/or cycling network dedicated to facilitating economic growth, productivity and easing congestion by providing safe and convenient cycling journeys to work, education or shops.
water channel
A channel for the purpose of conveying water, whether lined or unlined.
water table
The level at which ground water will stand in an unpumped bore hole, well or other depression.
wearing course
The surface layer of a pavement intended for skid and abrasion resistance.
windrow
The long ridge of material formed by a grader or earth-moving machine.
wing wall
A retaining wall extending a bridge abutment.
work category
Accounting classifications enabling expenditure to be tracked by type of activity, and cost comparisons to be made between organisations and regions.
Work categories are not confined to a particular activity class.
For example, work category 324: road improvements appears in:
| must |
As defined in IETF RFC2119, indicates an absolute requirement.(external link) |
| shall |
Indicates a requirement. (ISO 9000) |
| should |
As defined in IETF RFC2119 indicates a recommended course of action that there may be valid reasons under certain conditions to ignore, the full implications of which must be understood and carefully weighed before doing so. Indicates a recommendation. |
| should not |
As defined in IETF RFC2119, indicates a course of action that is not recommended but that may be acceptable or even useful to take under certain conditions, the full implications of which must be understood and carefully weighed before doing so. |
| may |
Indicates a permission. (ISO 9000) |
| can |
Indicates a possibility or a capability. (ISO 9000) |
